Communications Biology
Heat stress during pupation causes lasting damage in bumblebees
In a controlled laboratory study, researchers exposed Bombus terrestris pupae to daily temperature cycles. The treatment alternating between 34°C and 38°C reduced adult emergence by 30% compared with a constant 34°C control. Adults that survived this treatment had twice the mortality hazard, with shorter survival in both workers and males. Wing and antennal deformities were also associated with earlier adult death.
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